ETS（Educational Testing Service）- 教育測定機関

ETS（Educational Testing Service、イーティーエス）は、教育測定と評価の研究、試験の開発・運営、学習教材の制作を行う米国の教育測定機関。1947年、米国教育協議会、カーネギー教育振興財団、大学入学試験委員会の試験事業や資産を引き継ぎ、独立した非営利組織として設立された。言語能力や大学院進学に必要な能力、教員としての知識・技能などを評価するTOEFL、TOEIC、GRE、Praxisを手がけ、測定の信頼性や公平性に関する研究も行っている。試験開発で蓄積した問題や評価方法は、受験者向けの公式教材にも用いられた。日本で刊行された『公式TOEIC Listening & Reading 問題集』では、本番の試験と同じプロセスで作成した問題を各巻に2回分、計400問収録し、リスニング音声、解答・解説、和訳、参考スコア範囲の換算表を備えた。『ETS公認ガイド TOEFL iBT〈第5版〉』（原題 “The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test”）は、読む・聞く・話す・書く四つの技能の問題形式や解答例を日本語で解説し、公式問題を使った練習と結びつけた。大学などで実施される団体向け試験についても教材を制作し、田地野 彰、金丸 敏幸、ETS Japanと共著した『TOEFL ITPテスト 公式テスト問題＆学習ガイド［改訂版］』（英題 “TOEFL ITP Official Guide”）は2026年に刊行された。実際の試験問題と日本語の解説に、外国語教育研究や大学での指導に基づく学習法を組み合わせ、改訂では一部の問題・解説と試験情報を更新した。

ETS (Educational Testing Service) is a United States organization working in educational measurement and assessment, test development and delivery, and the production of learning materials. It was established in 1947 as an independent nonprofit organization when the American Council on Education, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, and the College Entrance Examination Board contributed their testing programs and assets. Its assessments include TOEFL and TOEIC for language proficiency, GRE for graduate admissions, and Praxis for teachers’ knowledge and skills. Its research also addresses reliability and fairness in measurement. Questions and assessment methods developed through this work have been used in official preparation materials. The Japanese-language Koshiki TOEIC Listening & Reading Mondaishu series included two practice tests, totaling 400 questions, in each volume. Produced through the same process as the actual test, these questions were accompanied by listening audio, explanations, Japanese translations, and score-conversion ranges. ETS Konin Gaido TOEFL iBT, fifth edition, was the Japanese adaptation of The Official Guide to the TOEFL Test. It explained the formats and sample responses for reading, listening, speaking, and writing and combined this guidance with practice using official questions. ETS also produced materials for institutionally administered assessments. The revised Japanese TOEFL ITP Official Guide, published in 2026 and coauthored with Akira Tajino, Toshiyuki Kanamaru, and ETS Japan, brought together authentic test questions, Japanese explanations, and learning methods informed by foreign-language education research and university teaching. The revision updated selected questions and explanations as well as information about the test.